Abnormal Psychology Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders= 5e

E= XCEPTIONS TO PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION

= n

nMandated Reporting =

= n

nDuty to Warn

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RELATIONSHIPS WITH CLIENT= S

nThe therapist must keep therapeutic boundaries. Most ethical codes forbid romantic and sexual involvement.

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T= HE BUSINESS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY

Payment Issues

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.21%;top:.49em'>nPaid = by client or, more often, third party.

nHealth maintenance organizations and managed care health systems arose to keep insurance affordable. nConfl= icts arise between managed care and client treatment needs.

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SPECIAL ROLES FOR CLINICIANS

nEXPERT WITNESS

nEVALUA= TION IN CHILD PROTECTION CASES&#= 13;

nGUARDIAN AD LITEM

nEVALUA= TIONS OF PEOPLE WITH COGNITI= VE DISORDERS

ALL HAVE INHERENT ETHICAL DILEMMAS: SOMEONE OTHER THAN THE ONE THEY ARE EVALUATING IS PAYING FOR THEIR SERVI= CES.

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COMMITMENT OF CLIENTS

COMMITMENT:=

An emergency procedure for the involuntary hospitalization of a person who is deemed likely to create harm for self or other people= as a result of mental illness.

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COMMITMENT ISSUES

nBALANCE CLIENT&#= 8217;S RIGHTS WITH CLIENT’S BEST INTERESTS

nRIGHT= TO LEAST RESTRICTIVE TREATMENT

<= span class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.69%;top:.49em'>nRIGHT= TO REFUSE MEDICATION

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Forensic Issues

------=_NextPart_01C90DEE.FE8582F0 Content-Location: file:///C:/EE8A8255/PPT_Chapter_15_files/slide0022.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Abnormal Psychology Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders= 5e

INSANITY DEFENSE

<= span style=3D'mso-special-format:nobullet;display:none;color:#3B812F;mso-color-= index: 5;font-family:Wingdings;font-size:60%'>qContrary to popular belief, this is a legal term, not a psychological = term.

The argument, presented by a lawyer acting on behalf of the client, that, because of the existence of a mental disorder, the client should not be held legally responsible for criminal actions.

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Disorders= 5e

INSANITY DEFENSE

qUnable to apprec= iate wrongfulness of their conduct and to control their actions= due to a severe mental disturbance. qGenerally requir= e DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of psychotic disorder, severe mood disorder, dissociative disorder.

qPerso= nality disorder will not be sufficient.

In question is the individual’s state of mind at the time of the criminal action.

------=_NextPart_01C90DEE.FE8582F0 Content-Location: file:///C:/EE8A8255/PPT_Chapter_15_files/slide0024.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Abnormal Psychology Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders= 5e

<= span style=3D'font-size:150%'>• M’Naghten Rule

<= span style=3D'font-size:150%'>• Durham Rule

<= span style=3D'font-size:150%'>• American Law Institute

<= span style=3D'font-size:150%'>• Insanity Defense Reform Act=

I= NSANITY DEFENSE:
HISTORY

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Abnormal Psychology Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders= 5e

COMPETENCY TO STAND TRIAL

nWhether a defendant is aware of and able to = = participate in criminal proceedings against him or her.

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Mental health professionals play an increasingly importa= nt role in the legal system and find they must familiarize themselv= es with a whole array of forensic issues.

Intersection between psychology and law will continue to= grow as society looks for interventions that are humane, ethical, and effective.

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•Therapist competence <= span style=3D'mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>— Mental hea= lth professionals are guided by professional standards and are expected to have the intellectual competence to assess, conceptualize, and treat clients wh= om they accept into treatment. •Informed consent — Client participates in treatment goals, understands treatment plan, knows clinician’s credentials, and is advised of treatment risks. •<= /span>Confidentiality — The therapist has a duty to safeguard client disclosures as private. •<= /span>The content of therapy is legally considered privileged communication, = legal privilege of nondisclosure unless the client waives it.

•Every state requires some for= m of mandated reporting when professionals learn first-hand of cases involving child abuse or neglect. •When the clinician lea= rns a client plans to hurt another person, the clinician is required to warn t= he potential victim that the client plans to harm him or her. Duty to warn= laws arose in response to the “Tarasoff” case of 1969. Complic= ating this matter is the imprecise nature of predicting dangerousness.

•In addition to sexual or roma= ntic involvements, it would be inappropriate for clinicians to become involved = in business relationships with clients.

•Although some clients are abl= e to pay for their therapy, most rely on a third party to pay, such as public assistance or an insurance policy. •HMOs and managed care mental health systems initially made sense to keep insurance premiums affordable. However, many clinicians struggle with recurring ethical dilemmas when try= ing to balance clients’ best interests against rewards, sanctions, and o= ther inducements to limit treatment.

•The role of expert witness= has many challenges, in that the clinician is called on to provide special= ized information in court. •In cases with evidence or charges invol= ving child abuse, a mental health professional may be asked to make recommendat= ions about the child’s care. •In some cases, the clinician = is appointed as a guardian ad litem, a person appointed = by the court to represent or make decisions for a person legally incapable of doing so in a civil legal proceeding.

•Commitment stems from the leg= al principle that the state has the authority (referred to a parens pat= riae) to protect those who are unable to protect themselves. This responsibility= is vested in various professionals such as psychologists, physicians, and nur= se specialists.

•Standards for involuntary commitment have alternated between overly restrictive and overly liberal.&= #13;•<= /span>When they were too strict, it was difficult to keep all but the most extremely = disturbed individuals hospitalized, and the number of mentally ill homeless increase= d.

•In the rapidly growing field = of forensic psychology, professionals with backgrounds in law and mental health ta= ckle a variety of questions regarding the relationship between criminal behavior and psychological disturbance.

•The insanity defense originat= ed as an attempt to protect people with mental disorders from being punished = for harmful behavior resulting from their disturbed psychological state.

•Standards vary between states= and over the course of history.

•M’Naghten Rule (the “right-wrong test”): Under the delusional belief he was commanded by God, Scottish woodcutter Daniel M’Naghten killed an Eng= lish government official. He was deemed not responsible because his mental state prevented him from knowing the difference between right and wrong. •<= /span>The Durham Rule emerged from a 1954 court decision asserting an individual= is not criminally responsible if the “unlawful act was the product of m= ental disease or defect.” This allowed for the insanity defense but was to= o broad. •<= /span>In 1962, the American Law Institute published guidelines saying people= are not responsible if mental disorder prevents their “appreciating̶= 1; wrongfulness of their actions or from controlling their actions. •<= /span>After John Hinckley was found not guilty by reason of insanity after shoo= ting President Reagan, Congress passed the Insanity Defense Reform Ac= t of 1984 trying to clear up the ambiguity inherent in ALI standards. The de= fense now had to prove insanity rather than rely on a “reasonable doubt= 221; regarding the client’s sanity.

•The determination of compe= tency to stand trial is a prediction by a mental health expert of the defendant's cognitive and emotional stability during the period of the trial. •To increase precision of competency assessments, forensic experts developed standardized instruments to be used in such evaluations.

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else ver=3DparseInt(appVer) return( ver >=3D 4 && msie >=3D 0 ) } function _RSW() { if( !g_supportsPPTHTML || IsNts() || ( !g_scaleInFrame && (!IsWin("PPTSld") || !parent.IsFullScrMode()) ) ) return var padding=3D0; if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFramesMode() ) padding=3D6 cltWidth=3Ddocument.body.clientWidth-padding cltHeight=3Ddocument.body.clientHeight-padding factor=3D(1.0*cltWidth)/g_origW if( cltHeight < g_origH*factor ) factor=3D(1.0*cltHeight)/g_origH newSize =3D g_origSz * factor if( newSize < 1 ) newSize=3D1 s=3DSlideObj.style s.fontSize=3DnewSize+"px" s.posWidth=3Dg_origW*factor s.posHeight=3Dg_origH*factor s.posLeft=3D(cltWidth-s.posWidth+padding)/2 s.posTop=3D(cltHeight-s.posHeight+padding)/2 if( g_scaleHyperlinks ) ScaleHyperlinks( factor ) } function _InitAnimations() { animRuntimeInstalled =3D ''+document.body.localTime !=3D 'undefined'; isFullScreen =3D (window.name =3D=3D "PPTSld") && !parent.IsFramesMode(); g_animUseRuntime =3D g_showAnimation && animRuntimeInstalled && !(isFullSc= reen && parent.IsSldVisited()); if( g_animUseRuntime ) { collSeq =3D document.all.tags("seq"); if( collSeq !=3D null ) { for(ii=3D0;ii numSlds ) gSldJumpIdx =3D numSlds; if ( gSldJumpIdx >=3D 0 ) { if ( gSldJumpIdx =3D=3D 0 ) gSldJumpIdx =3D 1; var jumpTo =3D parseInt(gSldJumpIdx); gSldJump =3D 0; gSldJumpIdx =3D ""; win.GoToSld( parent.GetSldList().mList[jumpTo-1].mSldHref ) } } } function _KDH() { if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 8 ) { event.returnValue =3D 0; parent.GoToPrevSld(); } } function DocumentOnClick() { if( IsNts() || parent.HideMenu() ) return; if( ( g_allowAdvOnClick && !parent.IsFramesMode() ) || (event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D32) ) ) parent.GoToNextSld(); } var g_supportsPPTHTML =3D SupportsPPTHTML(), g_scaleInFrame =3D 1, gId=3D""= , g_bgSound=3D"", g_scaleHyperlinks =3D false, g_allowAdvOnClick =3D 1, g_showInBrowser = =3D 0, gLoopCont =3D 0, gUseSldTimings =3D 1; var g_showAnimation =3D g_supportsPPTHTML && SupportsPPTAnimation() && ( (w= indow.name=3D=3D"PPTSld" && !parent.IsFramesMode()) || g_showInBrowser );va= r g_animManager =3D null; var g_animUseRuntime =3D false; var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime; var g_animMainSequence =3D null; var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"End of slide show, click to exit.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Fram= es", gIsEndShow=3D0, NUM_VIS_SLDS=3D16, SCRIPT_HREF=3D"script.js", FULLSCR_= HREF=3D"fullscreen.htm"; var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D gO= tlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML() var g_fBaseHyperlink =3D false; var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0011.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList(= "slide0012.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0013.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("= slide0014.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0015.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s= lide0016.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0017.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sl= ide0018.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0019.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sli= de0020.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0021.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slid= e0022.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0023.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide= 0024.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0025.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0= 026.htm",1,-1,1)); /********************************************* Frameset functions These functions control slide navigation and state of the frameset. **********************************************/ function RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href) { var regExp =3D /^file:\/\/\//i; return href.replace(regExp, "") } function FullScrInit() { g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black" document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM; document.onkeydown =3D _KDH; document.ondragstart=3DCancel document.onselectstart=3DCancel self.focus() } function Redirect( frmId ) {=09 var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId() if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1); if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) { obj =3D GetObj("Main-File") window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId return 1 } return 0 } var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();=20 function CalculateMHTMLPrefix() { if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {=20 href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)=20 Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1=20 End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1=20 if (End < Start)=20 return href.substring(0, Start)=20 else=20 return href.substring(0, End)=20 } return ''; } function GetTags(base,tag) { if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag); else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag); } function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP= refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) } function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() } function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() } function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() } function SetHasNts( fVal ) { if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) { gHasNts=3DfVal UpdNavPane() } } function ToggleOtlText() { gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp UpdOtlPane() } function ClearMedia() { // Clear any sounds playing before launching another browser window. Other= wise, // in fullscreen mode, you'll continue to hear the sound in the frames mod= e. if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0; } function FullScreen() {=20 if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) PPTSld.document.body.pause(); ClearMedia(); var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF = : FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref; if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "") href =3D RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href) if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) { var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0 var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top= =3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } else { win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } } function ToggleVNarration() { rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay") if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) ) rObj.Play() else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 ) rObj.Pause() else return; } else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID") if( narObj ) narObj.togglePause() } } function GetCurSldNum() { =20 obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld) if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return obj.mSldIdx else =20 return gCurSld } function GetNumSlds() { =20 if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds; else return GetSldList().mList.length } function GetSldNum( href ) { for(ii=3D0; ii 1 ) PopSldList(); else if( !IsFramesMode() ) { if( gLoopCont ) GoToFirst() else EndShow() } } function GoToPrevSld() { ii=3DgCurSld-1 if( ii > 0 ) { obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii) while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) ) obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii) if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1 GoToSldNum(ii) } } function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) } function GoToLast() { ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length if( ii !=3D gCurSld ) GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref ) } function GoToSldNum( num ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue obj =3D GetHrefObj( num ) obj.mVis=3D1 gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld =3D num; =09 if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "") PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(obj.mSldHref= )) else PPTSld.location.replace(obj.mSldHref) =09 if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function GoToSld( href ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1 if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "") PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href)) else PPTSld.location.replace(href) } function SldUpdated( id ) { if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) } function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO= bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) } function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) } function CloseWindow() { if( HideMenu() ) return; =09 var event =3D PPTSld.event; if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D= =3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) ) window.close( self ); CatchNumKeys( self, event ); } function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; } function SetupEndShow() { gIsEndShow=3D1; PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no"; PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM; } function EndShow() { if( IsFramesMode() ) return if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue doc=3DPPTSld.document var dir =3D doc.body.dir if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr"; doc.open() doc.writeln('

' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '

') doc.close() } function SetSldVisited(){ GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited=3Dtrue } function IsSldVisited(){ return GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited } function hrefList( sldHref, visible, advDelay, advClk ) { this.mSldHref=3D this.mNtsHref =3D sldHref this.mOrigVis=3D this.mVis =3D visible this.mVisited=3D false this.mAdvDelay=3D advDelay this.mAdvOnClk=3D advClk } function SldList(arr,curSld,fEnd) { this.mCurSld =3D curSld; this.mList =3D new Array(); var idx =3D 1; for(ii=3D0;ii 0) { PushSldList(sldList,fEnd); gCurSld =3D 1; } else if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) { var ii =3D gSldStack.length; gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd); GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref ); } function PopSldList() { if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow) EndShow() else { gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld; gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null; gSldStack.length--; var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1]; GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref ); } } var custShowList=3Dnew Array(); /********************************************* Navigation button implementation There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn implemented as function objects. They share a similiar interface so the event handlers can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20 object without needing to know exactly=20 what type of button it is. **********************************************/ //---------------------------------- function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action ) //---------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _IBP t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE t.ChangeIcon =3D null t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _IBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.mBorderId=3D bId t.mWidth =3D w t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0 } function _IBSetA() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _IBSetI() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } } function _IBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 ) obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1 } } function _IBSetD() { =20 obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } function _IBSetE( state ) { var t=3Dthis GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible" if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) { t.mIsOn=3Dstate if( state ) t.SetInactive() else t.SetDisabled() } } function _IBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) { if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( t.ChangeIcon ) { obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId) if( t.ChangeIcon() ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth else obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth } t.SetActive() } =20 } function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState ) { var t=3Dthis SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 ) obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj= .style.posTop t.mCurState=3DnextState return obj } //----------------------------------------- function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState ) //----------------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _TBP t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE t.GetState =3D chkState t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _TBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.m_elementsId=3D oeId t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBSetA() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetI() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) } function _TBSetD() { =20 this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) this.mIsOn =3D 0 } function _TBSetE() { var t=3Dthis if( !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) else t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) {=20 if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( !t.GetState ) return if( t.GetState() ) t.SetPressed() else t.SetActive() } =20 } function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset ) { SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 ) Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset ) } function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle= ft } function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight ) { s=3Dobj.style; s.borderStyle =3D "solid" s.borderWidth =3D 1=20 s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight } function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] } function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() } function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() } function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() } function BtnOnUp() { b=3DGetBtnObj() if( b !=3D null ) b.Perform() else Upd() } function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen } function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen } function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp } function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal ) { s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style s.display=3D"none" if( fVal ) s.display=3D"" else s.display=3D"none" } function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etActive() } function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etInactive() } function _BSetP_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etPressed() } function _BSetA_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]=20 if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _BSetI_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId] if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"= THREEDFACE" var gBtnArr =3D new Array() gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan= e,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt= lPane,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleN= tsPane ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.= ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.To= ggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","n= b_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld ) gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","n= b_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent= .FullScreen ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa= rent.FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent= .FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice= ","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration ) gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlT= xt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts" gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState /********************************************* Context menu implementation _CM() is the function that's hooked up to the oncontextmenu event. Once we're asked to show the menu, we first build it by creating DIVs on-the-fly. Then we position it=20 within the screen area so it doesn't get clipped. Creating the DIVs using createElement() means we don't have to write out any extra HTML into the slide HTML files. **********************************************/ var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sAr= row=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Rectangle",sOval=3D"Oval" function ShowMenu() { BuildMenu(); var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y= =3DPPTSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) ) m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth m.style.pixelTop=3Dy if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) ) m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight m.style.display=3D"" } function _CM() { if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return; if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) { ShowMenu() return false } else HideMenu() } function BuildMenu() { if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body ) mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu" mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden" var s=3DmObj.style s.position=3D"absolute" s.cursor=3D"default" s.width=3D"120px" SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black") var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj ) SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" ) iObj.style.padding=3D2 CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld ) =09 CreateSeparator( iObj ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True ) mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible" } function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa= lue=3Dfalse } function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") } function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") } function Perform() { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) e.Action() else PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function ChangeClr( bg,clr ) { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) { e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg e.style.color=3Dclr } } function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) } function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() } function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { gIsEndShow=3D0; history.back();= PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() } function M_True() { return true } function M_End() { window.close( self ) } function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval ) { var e=3DCreateItem( node ) e.type=3D"menuitem" e.Action=3Daction e.IsActive=3Deval e.innerHTML=3Dtext if( !e.IsActive() ) e.style.color=3D"threedshadow" e.onclick=3DPerform e.onmouseover=3DHighlight e.onmouseout=3DDeselect s=3De.style; 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charset="us-ascii" Abnormal Psychology Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders= 5e ------=_NextPart_01C90DEE.FE8582F0 Content-Location: file:///C:/EE8A8255/PPT_Chapter_15_files/outline.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" ------=_NextPart_01C90DEE.FE8582F0 Content-Location: file:///C:/EE8A8255/PPT_Chapter_15_files/filelist.xml Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" ------=_NextPart_01C90DEE.FE8582F0--


	•Therapist competence — Mental he= alth professionals are guided by professional standards and are expected to ha= ve the intellectual competence to assess, conceptualize, and treat clients w= hom they accept into treatment.
	•Informed consent — Client participates in treatment goals, understands treatment plan, knows clinician’s credentials, and is advised of treatment risks.
	•Confidentiality — The therapist has a duty to safeguard = client disclosures as private.
	•The content of therapy is legally consi= dered privileged communication, legal privilege of nondisclosure unless the client wai= ves it.


	•M’Naghten Rule (the “rig= ht-wrong test”): Under the delusional belief he was commanded by God, Scottish woodcutter Daniel M’Naghten killed an English government official. He was deemed not responsible because his mental state prevented him from knowing the difference between right and wrong.
	•The Durham Rule emerged from a 1= 954 court decision asserting an individual is not criminally responsible if t= he “unlawful act was the product of mental disease or defect.” T= his allowed for the insanity defense but was too broad.
	•In 1962, the American Law Institute<= /b> published guidelines saying people are not responsible if mental disorder prevents their “appreciating” wrongfulness of their actions or from controlling their actions.
	•After John Hinckley was found no= t guilty by reason of insanity after shooting President Reagan, Congress passed th= e Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 trying to clear up the ambiguity inherent = in ALI standards. The defense now had to prove insanity rather than rely on a “reasonable doubt” regarding the client’s sanity.

1	Ethical and Lega= l Issues
2
3	Ethical Issues
4	ROLES and RESPONSIBILITIES OF CLINICIANS Therapist Competence Informed Consent Confidentiality Privileged Communication
5	EXCEPTIONS TO PR= IVILEGED COMMUNICATION Mandated Reporting Duty to Warn
6	RELATIONSHIPS WI= TH CLIENTS The therapist must keep therapeutic boundaries. Most ethical codes forbid romantic and sexual involvement.
7	THE BUSINESS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY Payment Issues Paid by client or, more often, third party. Health maintenance organizations and managed care health systems aro= se to keep insurance affordable. Conflicts arise between managed care and client treatment needs.
8	SPECIAL ROLES FOR CLINICIANS EXPERT WITNESS EVALUATION IN CHILD PROTECTION CASES GUARDIAN AD LITEM EVALUATIONS OF PEOPLE WITH COGNITIVE DISORDERS
9	COMMITMENT OF CL= IENTS COMMITMENT: An emergency procedure for the involuntary hospitalization of a pers= on who is deemed likely to create harm for self or other people as a re= sult of mental illness.
10	COMMITMENT ISSU= ES BALANCE CLIENT’S RIGHTS WITH CLIENT’S BEST INTERESTS RIGHT TO LEAST RESTRICTIVE TREATMENT RIGHT TO REFUSE MEDICATION
11	Forensic Issues=
12	INSANITY DEFENS= E Contrary to popular belief, this is a legal term, not a psychologic= al term.
13	INSANITY DEFENS= E Unable to appreciate wrongfulness of their conduct and to control t= heir actions due to a severe mental disturbance. Generally require DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of psychotic disorder, severe mood disorder, dissociative disorder. Personality disorder will not be sufficient.
14
15	COMPETENCY TO S= TAND TRIAL Whether a defendant is aware of and able to participate in criminal proceedings against him or her.
16	Mental health professionals play an increasingly important role in the legal system and find they must familiarize themselves with a whole array of forensic issues. Intersection between psychology and law will continue to grow as society looks for interventions that are humane, ethical, and effective.


	•Every state requires some form of ma= ndated reporting when professionals learn first-hand of cases involving child abuse or neglect.
	•When the clinician learns a client plan= s to hurt another person, the clinician is required to warn the potential vict= im that the client plans to harm him or her. Duty to warn laws arose = in response to the “Tarasoff” case of 1969. Complicating this ma= tter is the imprecise nature of predicting dangerousness.


	•In addition to sexual or romantic invol= vements, it would be inappropriate for clinicians to become involved in business relationships with clients.


	•Although some clients are able to pay f= or their therapy, most rely on a third party to pay, such as public assistance or = an insurance policy.
	•HMOs and managed care mental health sys= tems initially made sense to keep insurance premiums affordable. However, many clinicians struggle with recurring ethical dilemmas when trying to balance clients’ best interests against rewards, sanctions, and other inducements to limit treatment.


	•The role of expert witness has m= any challenges, in that the clinician is called on to provide specialized information in court.
	•In cases with evidence or charges invol= ving child abuse, a mental health professional may be asked to make recommendations about the child’s care.
	•In some cases, the clinician is appoint= ed as a guardian *ad litem*, a person appointed by the court to represent = or make decisions for a person legally incapable of doing so in a civil legal proceeding.


	•Commitment stems from the legal princip= le that the state has the authority (referred to a *parens patriae*) = to protect those who are unable to protect themselves. This responsibility is vested in various professionals such as psychologists, physicians, and nu= rse specialists.


	•Standards for involuntary commitment ha= ve alternated between overly restrictive and overly liberal.
	•When they were too strict, it was diffi= cult to keep all but the most extremely disturbed individuals hospitalized, and t= he number of mentally ill homeless increased.


	•In the rapidly growing field of fore= nsic psychology, professionals with backgrounds in law and mental health tackle a variety of questions regarding the relationship between criminal behavior and psychological disturbance.


	•The insanity defense originated as an a= ttempt to protect people with mental disorders from being punished for harmful behavior resulting from their disturbed psychological state.


	•Standards vary between states and over = the course of history.


	•The determination of competency to s= tand trial is a prediction by a mental health expert of the defendant's cognitive and emotional stability during the period of the trial.<= br>
	•To increase precision of competency assessments, forensic experts developed standardized instruments to be us= ed in such evaluations.